Using Tabs
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Tabs allow you to manage several connections within a single Transmit window.
- To create a new tab, choose File > New Tab
- To close a tab that's no longer in use, choose File > Close Tab
- To cycle through all open tabs, choose Window > Select Next Tab or Window > Select Previous Tab
You can change the order of tabs by dragging them with the mouse.
Dragging a tab out of the tab bar removes it from the tab bar and opens it in its own window.
Switching between one and two file browsers
Transmit can show one or two file browsers in each window.
To switch between using one browser and two browsers, choose View > Show One File Browser or View > Show Two File Browsers respectively.
Understanding file browser focus
By default, Transmit shows two file browsers side-by-side. However, most commands can only be applied to one file browser or the other at any given time. The file browser that will receive the next command is said to be 'focused'.
Identifying the focused file browser
The focused file browser path bar displays the current directory in blue text.
In this example, the file browser on the right has focus.
Focusing the other file browser
You can focus the other file browser by clicking anywhere inside it.
Alternatively, choose View > Focus on Local or View > Focus on Remote.
Navigating folders
Double-click a folder to navigate into it. (In column view, you need only click once.)
To go to the current folder's parent, choose Go > Enclosing Folder
To manually type in a new path, choose Go > Go to Folder…
Choose Go > Back or Go > Forward to move through your recent path history.
Selecting files and folders
Understanding how to manage your selection of files and folders is an important part of working in Transmit because almost every command requires one or more files or folders to act on.
- To select an individual file or folder, click it.
- To select a range of files, click the first file, then click the last file while keeping the Shift key held down.
- To select multiple files that aren't adjacent to each other, click them while keeping the Command key held down.
- To quickly select an individual file by name, type the first few characters of its name.
- To deselect a single file from a multiple file selection, click click them while keeping the Command key held down.
- To deselect all files, click in an empty area of the file browser.
Changing the view mode of file browsers
Transmit's file browsers can be set to any one of four different view modes.
Transmit 5 5 0 124
Thumbnail view
Thumbnail view shows previews of files when possible, and icons of files that cannot be previewed.
Choose View > as Thumbnails to use thumbnail view.
List view
List view shows a list of files and folders with one item per row. Ip scanner pro 3 65 download free. Columns for additional information (such as modification date and file size) can be switched on and off by choosing View > Show View Options while in list view.
Choose View > as List to use list view.
Column view
Column view shows the file hierarchy as a series of columns. Additional columns are added as you select folders in the browser to show that folder's contents.
Choose View > as Columns to use column view.
Cover Flow view
Cover Flow view shows large size previews of files when possible, and large size icons of files that cannot be previewed
Choose View > as Cover Flow to use Cover Flow view.
Showing and hiding the transfers list
The transfers list shows active and pending file operations for the currently focused tab.
To show or hide the Activity list, click the Activity button in the toolbar or choose View > Show Transfers
To view the Activity list in windowed mode click and drag the top of the pop-over to your desired location. Resume templates 2 0 65.
Resizing file browsers
When using two file browsers in a single Transmit window, change their width by dragging the vertical splitter between them to the left or right.
Customizing the toolbar
To customize the toolbar that appears in each Transmit window, choose View > Customize Toolbar…
dBm (sometimes dBmW or decibel-milliwatts) is a unit of level used to indicate that a power ratio is expressed in decibels (dB) with reference to one milliwatt (mW). It is used in radio, microwave and fiber-optical communication networks as a convenient measure of absolute power because of its capability to express both very large and very small values in a short form compared to dBW, which is referenced to one watt (1000 mW).
Since it is referenced to the watt, it is an absolute unit, used when measuring absolute power. By comparison, the decibel (dB) is a dimensionless unit, used for quantifying the ratio between two values, such as signal-to-noise ratio.The dBm is also dimensionless but since it compares to a fixed reference value the dBm rating is an absolute one.
In audio and telephony, dBm is typically referenced relative to a 600-ohm impedance,[1] while in radio-frequency work dBm is typically referenced relative to a 50-ohm impedance.[2]
Unit conversions[edit]
A power level of 0 dBm corresponds to a power of 1 milliwatt. A 10 dB increase in level is equivalent to a 10-fold increase in power. Therefore, a 20 dB increase in level is equivalent to a 100-fold increase in power. A 3 dB increase in level is approximately equivalent to doubling the power, which means that a level of 3 dBm corresponds roughly to a power of 2 mW. Similarly, for each 3 dB decrease in level, the power is reduced by about one half, making −3 dBm correspond to a power of about 0.5 mW.
To express an arbitrary power P in mW as x in dBm, or vice versa, the following equivalent expressions may be used:
- x=10log10P1mW,P=1mW⋅10x10,{displaystyle {begin{aligned}x&=10log _{10}{frac {P}{1~{text{mW}}}},P&=1~{text{mW}}cdot 10^{frac {x}{10}},end{aligned}}}
Alternatively, using 1 W as the reference value instead of 1 mW
- x=30+10log10P1W,P=1W⋅10x−3010,{displaystyle {begin{aligned}x&=30+10log _{10}{frac {P}{1~{text{W}}}},P&=1~{text{W}}cdot 10^{frac {x-30}{10}},end{aligned}}}
Below is a table summarizing useful cases:
| Power level | Power | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 420 dBm | 1×1039 W | Cygnus A, the most powerful known source of radio waves [3] |
| 296 dBm | 3.846×1026 W | Total power output of the Sun[4] |
| 80 dBm | 100 kW | Typical transmission power of FM radio station with 50-kilometre (31 mi) range |
| 62 dBm | 1.588 kW = 1,588 W | 1,500 W is the maximal legal power output of a U.S. ham radio station.[5] |
| 60 dBm | 1 kW = 1,000 W | Typical combined radiated RF power of microwave oven elements |
| 55 dBm | ~300 W | Typical single-channel RF output power of a Ku-bandgeostationary satellite |
| 50 dBm | 100 W | Typical total thermal radiation emitted by a human body, peak at 31.5 THz (9.5 μm) Typical maximal output RF power from a ham radio HF transceiver |
| 40 dBm | 10 W | Typical PLC transmission power |
| 37 dBm | 5 W | Typical maximal output RF power from a handheld ham radio VHF/UHF transceiver |
| 36 dBm | 4 W | Typical maximal output power for a citizens band radio station (27 MHz) in many countries |
| 33 dBm | 2 W | Maximal output from a UMTS/3G mobile phone (Power class 1 mobiles) Maximal output from a GSM850/900 mobile phone |
| 30 dBm | 1 W = 1000 mW | DCS or GSM 1,800/1,900 MHz mobile phone.EIRP IEEE 802.11a (20 MHz-wide channels) in either 5 GHz subband 2 (5,470–5,725 MHz) provided that transmitters are also IEEE 802.11h-compliant, orU-NII-3 (5,725–5,825 MHz). The former is EU only, the latter is US only. Also, maximal power allowed by the FCC for American amateur radio licensees to fly radio-controlled aircraft or operate RC models of any other type on the amateur radio bands in the US.[6] |
| 29 dBm | 794 mW | |
| 28 dBm | 631 mW | |
| 27 dBm | 500 mW | Typical cellular phone transmission power Maximal output from a UMTS/3G mobile phone (Power class 2 mobiles) |
| 26 dBm | 400 mW | |
| 25 dBm | 316 mW | |
| 24 dBm | 251 mW | Maximal output from a UMTS/3G mobile phone (Power class 3 mobiles) 1,880–1,900 MHz DECT (250 mW per 1,728 kHz channel).EIRP for wireless LAN IEEE 802.11a (20 MHz-wide channels) in either the 5 GHz subband 1 (5,180–5,320 MHz) or U-NII-2 and -W ranges (5,250–5,350 MHz & 5,470–5,725 MHz respectively). The former is EU only, the latter is US only. |
| 23 dBm | 200 mW | EIRP for IEEE 802.11n wireless LAN 40 MHz-wide (5 mW/MHz) channels in 5 GHz subband 4 (5,735–5,835 MHz, US only) or 5 GHz subband 2 (5,470–5,725 MHz, EU only). Also applies to 20 MHz-wide (10 mW/MHz) IEEE 802.11a wireless LAN in 5 GHz subband 1 (5,180–5,320 MHz) if also IEEE 802.11h-compliant (otherwise only 3 mW/MHz → 60 mW when unable to dynamically adjust transmission power, and only 1.5 mW/MHz → 30 mW when a transmitter also cannot dynamically select frequency). |
| 22 dBm | 158 mW | |
| 21 dBm | 125 mW | Maximal output from a UMTS/3G mobile phone (Power class 4 mobiles) |
| 20 dBm | 100 mW | EIRP for IEEE 802.11b/g wireless LAN 20 MHz-wide channels in the 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi/ISM band (5 mW/MHz). Bluetooth Class 1 radio.Maximal output power from unlicensed AM transmitter per U.S. FCC rules 15.219[7] |
| 19 dBm | 79 mW | |
| 18 dBm | 63 mW | |
| 17 dBm | 50 mW | |
| 15 dBm | 32 mW | Typical wireless LAN transmission power in laptops |
| 10 dBm | 10 mW | |
| 7 dBm | 5.0 mW | Common power level required to test the automatic gain control circuitry in an AM receiver |
| 6 dBm | 4.0 mW | |
| 5 dBm | 3.2 mW | |
| 4 dBm | 2.5 mW | Bluetooth Class 2 radio, 10 m range |
| 3 dBm | 2.0 mW | |
| 2 dBm | 1.6 mW | |
| 1 dBm | 1.3 mW | |
| 0 dBm | 1.0 mW = 1000 μW | Bluetooth standard (Class 3) radio, 1 m range |
| −1 dBm | 794 μW | |
| −3 dBm | 501 μW | |
| −5 dBm | 316 μW | |
| −10 dBm | 100 μW | Maximal received signal power of wireless network (802.11 variants) |
| −13 dBm | 50.12 μW | Dial Tone for the Precise Tone Plan found on public switched telephone networks in North America |
| −20 dBm | 10 μW | |
| −30 dBm | 1.0 μW = 1000 nW | |
| −40 dBm | 100 nW | |
| −50 dBm | 10 nW | |
| −60 dBm | 1.0 nW = 1000 pW | The Earth receives one nanowatt per square metre from a magnitude +3.5 star[8] |
| −70 dBm | 100 pW | |
| −73 dBm | 50.12 pW | 'S9' signal strength, a strong signal, on the S meter of a typical ham or shortwave radio receiver |
| −80 dBm | 10 pW | |
| −100 dBm | 0.1 pW | Minimal received signal power of wireless network (802.11 variants) |
| −111 dBm | 0.008 pW = 8 fW | Thermal noise floor for commercial GPS single-channel signal bandwidth (2 MHz) |
| −127.5 dBm | 0.178 fW = 178 aW | Typical received signal power from a GPS satellite |
| −174 dBm | 0.004 aW = 4 zW | Thermal noise floor for 1 Hz bandwidth at room temperature (20 °C) |
| −192.5 dBm | 0.056 zW = 56 yW | Thermal noise floor for 1 Hz bandwidth in outer space (4 kelvins) |
| −∞ dBm | 0 W | Zero power is not well-expressed in dBm (value is negative infinity) |
The signal intensity (power per unit area) can be converted to received signal power by multiplying by the square of the wavelength and dividing by 4π (see Free-space path loss).
In United States Department of Defense practice, unweighted measurement is normally understood, applicable to a certain bandwidth, which must be stated or implied.
In European practice, psophometric weighting may be, as indicated by context, equivalent to dBm0p, which is preferred.
In audio, 0 dBm often corresponds to approximately 0.775 volts, since 0.775 V dissipates 1 mW in a 600 Ω load.[9] The corresponding voltage level is 0 dBu, without the 600 Ω restriction. Conversely, for RF situations with a 50 Ω load, 0 dBm corresponds to approximately 0.224 volts, since 0.224 V dissipates 1 mW in a 50 Ω load.
The dBm is not a part of the International System of Units and therefore is discouraged from use in documents or systems that adhere to SI units (the corresponding SI unit is the watt). However, the unit decibel (dB), without the 'm' suffix, is accepted for use alongside SI units.[10]
Expression in dBm is typically used for optical and electrical power measurements, not for other types of power (such as thermal). A listing by power levels in watts is available that includes a variety of examples not necessarily related to electrical or optical power.
The dBm was first proposed as an industry standard[9] in the paper 'A New Standard Volume Indicator and Reference Level'.[11]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
This article incorporates public domain material from the General Services Administration document: 'Federal Standard 1037C'. (in support of MIL-STD-188)
- ^Bigelow, Stephen. Understanding Telephone Electronics. Newnes. pp. 16. ISBN978-0750671750.
- ^Carr, Joseph (2002). RF Components and Circuits. Newnes. pp. 45–46. ISBN978-0750648448.
- ^'Cygnus A'. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. 2010. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
- ^'Ask Us: Sun'. Cosmicopia. NASA. 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
- ^'Part 97 - Amateur Radio'. ARRL. Archived from the original on 2012-10-09. Retrieved 2012-09-21.
- ^[1]Archived 2016-12-22 at the Wayback Machine FCC Part 97 Amateur Radio Service - Rule 97.215, Telecommand of model craft, section (c).
- ^FCC Web Documents citing 15.219Archived 2011-11-06 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^'Radiant Flux of a Magnitude +3.5 Star'. Archived from the original on 2012-06-30. Retrieved 2009-07-22.
- ^ abDavis, Gary (1988). The Sound Reinforcement Handbook. Yamaha. p. 22. ISBN0881889008.
- ^Thompson and Taylor 2008, Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI), NIST Special Publication SP811Archived 2016-06-03 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^Chinn, H. A.; D. K. Gannett; R. M. Moris (January 1940). 'A New Standard Volume Indicator and Reference Level'(PDF). Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers. 28 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1940.228815. Archived(PDF) from the original on 2012-02-13. Retrieved 2012-08-04.
External links[edit]
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